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Factors affecting the alignment of hill road

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The main factors to be considered while deciding the alignment of hill roads, are as discussed. Length : The cost of construction of a hill road per kilometer length is comparatively very high. It should therefore be ensured that length of the road connecting two stations should be minimum possible, adopting ruling gradients along its most of the length. Altitude of the road : At lower altitudes, large number of cross drainage works are required to be constructed. Where as at higher altitudes, the road pavement may witness snowfall during winter. This is why the align-ment of hill roads should preferably by provided at an altitude between 900 m slopes exposed to sum. The hill slopes which are subjected to high winds should never be selected unless and until there is no other alternative. In northern hemisphere, southern slopes of the hills are more suitable than northern slopes which remain tin shades and are usually subjected to high winds. Saddles or Passes : While locating
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Railway sleepers

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Sleepers The members which are laid transverse to the rails on which the rails are Supported and fixed to transfer the loads from rails to the ballast and sub grade below. Functions 1)       To hold the rails to correct gauge. 2)       To hold the rails in proper level. 3)       To act an elastic medium in between ballast and rails. 4)       To distribute the load from rails to index area of ballast underlying it. 5)       To support the rails at a proper level in straight tracks and proper super elevation on curves. 6)       It also gives lateral and longitudinal stability of the permanent track. 7)       To rectify the track geometry during service life. Requirement        i.           They should be economical i.e. should be minimum initial and maintenance cost.       ii.           Fittings of sleepers should be so adjusted during maintenance operations.      iii.           The weight of sleepers should have moderate weighty, for easy handling.      iv
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Different Types Of Rail Joint

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Different Types Of Rail Joint Rail Joint Definition Encyclopedia has defined the word “rail joint” as the following: A splice connecting the adjacent ends of rails, in distinction from a chair, which is merely a seat. The two devices are sometimes united. Among several hundred varieties, the fish joint is standard. See Fish joint, under Fish. Rail joint plays a jointing function (connecting function) in the railroad. High quality railway joint can effectively reduce the influence of wheels when passing through the jointing sections of the steel rail and increase the steadiness and continuity of the passing trains. As one of the important parts in railway, railway joint bar are widely used both in light rail and heavy rail to guarantee the safety of railroad transportation. Rail joint for light rail: 8kg, 9kg, 12kg, 15kg, 18kg, 22kg, 24kg and 30kg Rail joint for heavy rail: 38kg, 43kg, 50kg and 60kg Rail joint for crane rail: QU70, QU80, QU100 and QU120 Different Typ
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Mangalore tiles,Ceramic tiles and Vitrified tile

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Mangalore tile: Mangalore tiles (also Mangalorean tiles) are a type of tile native to the city of Mangalore, India. The tiles were first introduced to India in 1860 by a German missionary. Since that time, the -industry has flourished in India with these red tiles, prepared from hard laterite clay, in great demand throughout the country. They are exported to Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and the Far East and even as far as East Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia. These were the only tiles recommended for government buildings in India under the British Raj. Mangalore Tiles are the oldest and the most popular tiles favourite since ages because of their nostalgic & evocative use in heritage buildings and the peculiar pattern. Many a magical structures can be created by using this versatile Mangalore roof tile with channels and angles by fabricating in steel. In earlier titnes the wood was used for this purpose. But as the time passed the cost o! the wood became increased and the
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Flexible Pavement Definition and Explanation

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By- Prasenjit Das Stream-B.tech in Civil Engineering College-Seacom Engineering College Definition and Explanation : Flexible Pavements are constructed from bituminous or unbound material and the stress is transmitted to the sub-grade through the lateral distribution of the applied load with depth. Flexible pavement is composed of a bituminous material surface course and underlying base and subbase courses. The bituminous material is more often asphalt whose viscous nature allows significant plastic deformation. Most asphalt surfaces are built on a gravel base, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are built directly on the  subgrade . Depending on the temperature at which it is applied,  asphalt  is categorized as hot mix asphalt (HMA), warm mix asphalt, or cold mix asphalt. Flexible Pavement is so named as the pavement surface reflects the total deflection of all subsequent layers due to the traffic load acting upon it. The flexible pavement design
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Concrete Slump Test - Theory and Lab Test

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Definition Concrete Slump Test is a  measurement of concrete's workability , or fluidity. It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness. A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality Concrete Slump Test The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a  property of fresh concrete . The test is an empirical test that measures the  workability of fresh concrete . More specifically, it measures  concrete consistency  between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. Principle of Slump Test The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete which then gives an id
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